Abantu abaninzi bayathandabuza malunga nobude bebhetri ye-EV, boyika ukuba amandla abo aya kuncipha kakhulu ngexesha elifutshane, ngokufana neebhetri ze-smartphone. Abanye banexhala lokuba iiMoto zoMbane ezinikwe amandla ziibhetri zinokuba neengozi ezingakumbi zokhuseleko xa kuthelekiswa neemoto zemveli ezinegesi. Eli nqaku lijolise ekukuncedeni ukuba uqonde ixesha elide lebhetri ye-EV kunye nokubonelela ngezona ndlela zilungileyo zokwandisa ubomi bakho bebhetri ye-EV.
Iziseko zebhetri ye-EV
Ibhetri ye-EV yeyona nto iphambili icandelo lezithuthi zombane kwaye unoxanduva lokugcina nokukhupha amandla okuqhuba imoto. Okwangoku, uninzi lwezithuthi zombane zisebenzisa Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion 1 ngenxa yobuninzi bamandla azo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ezi bhetri ziqulathe iiseli ezininzi zebhetri ezihlanganiswe zaba ziimodyuli, ezithi emva koko zibekwe ngaphakathi kwepakethi yebhetri. Ukongeza, iibhetri zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zolawulo eziphucukileyo zokujonga imeko yebhetri, ubushushu, kunye neenkqubo zokutshaja/zokukhupha, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Ukhuseleko lweBattery yesiThuthi soMbane
Xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi zemveli, zithuthi zinomngcipheko omncinci wokutsha. Oku kungenxa yendlela ephucukileyo yokutsha Inkqubo yoLawulo lweBhetri (BMS)2 zixhotyiswe ngezithuthi zombane, ezinokujonga iiparameter ezibalulekileyo ngexesha langempela, ezinje ngobushushu, i-voltage, kunye nemeko yokutshaja. I-BMS inokubona kwaye iphendule kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga ithathe amanyathelo okuthintela, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa iingozi zokhuseleko kwaye ikhusele ngokufanelekileyo imoto kunye nabakhweli.
Ukongeza, iibhetri zezithuthi zombane zisebenzisa uluhlu lwezinto ezikhusela umlilo kunye nokuqhuma, njengee-membranes zokwahlula ezigqunywe nge-ceramic, ezinokulibazisa ngempumelelo izinga lomlilo. ukubaleka kwe-thermal 3 iibhetri kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwebhetri. Ngaphezu koko, abavelisi baqhuba uvavanyo oluqinileyo lokhuseleko kwaye basebenzise imigaqo yokhuseleko kwinkqubo yoyilo kunye nemveliso yeebhetri zezithuthi zombane.
Ingahlala ixesha elingakanani ibhetri ye-EV?
Ubomi bebhetri yemoto yombane bulinganiswa kwi imijikelo yokutshaja 4 endaweni yexesha. Imijikelo yokutshaja ibhekisa kwinkqubo yokuba ibhetri itshajwe ngokupheleleyo, ikhutshwe, ize iphinde itshajwe kwakhona. Ngokubanzi, ubomi beebhetri ze-EV buphakathi kwemijikelo yokutshaja engama-500 ukuya kwi-1500, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nohlobo lwebhetri, umenzi, iipateni zokusetyenziswa, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.
Iibhetri zeTesla zithathwa kakhulu ngenxa yobomi bazo obude. ITesla isebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kwiipakethi zayo zebhetri, iphucula ukusebenza kwebhetri kunye nobomi bayo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri eziphambili. Ngelixa iTesla idla ngokubonelela ngewaranti yeminyaka esi-8 okanye iimayile ezili-120,000 kwiibhetri zayo, uninzi lwabanini beTesla baxela ukuba ubomi bebhetri yabo budlula kakhulu lo mgangatho. Nissan Leaf Imodeli ikwasebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kwaye ihlala ixesha elide. I-Nissan ithi phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ibhetri yeLeaf inokuhlala iminyaka eyi-8-9 kwaye ihlala igcina ubuncinci i-70% yamandla ayo.
Yintoni enokuchaphazela ubomi obude bebhetri ye-EV?
Ibhetri ye-EV Ubomi obude bunokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, ngento nganye enenqanaba elahlukileyo lempembelelo. Ngokuqonda izinto ezichaphazela ubomi bebhetri kunye nokwamkela ukutshaja kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa, kuyenzeka ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri.
Ukutshaja rhoqo kunye neNdlela
Ubomi beebhetri zezithuthi zombane zichatshazelwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zihlawuliswa kaninzi kangakanani kunye nendlela yokutshaja esetyenzisiweyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukutshaja kubandakanya ukusabela kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri, kwaye ukutshaja okukhawulezayo rhoqo kunokukhawulezisa oku kusabela, okukhokelela ekugugeni kunye nokukrazuka kumalungu angaphakathi. Ngokukodwa, ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kuvelisa ubushushu ngaphakathi kwebhetri, kubangele ubushushu bayo bunyuke.
Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhawulezisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri, ukukhawuleza inkqubo yokuguga kunye nokwandisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Ukongeza, ukutshaja okukhawulezayo kunokubangela ukusabela okungaphelelanga kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri, okukhokelela ekuvelisweni kwerhasi eninzi kunye nokwandisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Zonke ezi zinto zinegalelo kukonakala okukhawulezileyo kobomi bebhetri.
iqondo lobushushu
Iibhetri zisebenza ngaphakathi kwinqanaba elithile lobushushu, kwaye ukuya ngaphaya kolu luhlu kunokuba nemiphumo emibi. Umzekelo, kumazwe ashushu anje ngeSingapore, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ngexesha lasehlotyeni anokonyusa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ebhetrini, ebeka imingcipheko yokhuseleko kwaye enokukhokelela ekutshiseni ngokugqithiseleyo okanye imililo.
Ngokuchaseneyo, ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokuba nefuthe elibi kwiibhetri. Kubusika obubandayo baseMntla Yurophu, ukusebenza kwebhetri kuyehla kakhulu, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokutshaja nokukhupha kuyancipha, oko kuchaphazela uluhlu lwesithuthi. Umlinganiselo wokusabela kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri uyacotha, nto leyo enokubangela ukuncipha kwemveliso yamandla kunye nokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwesithuthi.
Imikhwa yokuqhuba
Ukukhawulezisa okukhawulezileyo, ukuqhobosheka ngesiquphe, kunye nokuqhuba ngesantya esiphezulu konke oko kunegalelo ekonyukeni komthwalo webhetri, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ibhetri iguge ngokukhawuleza. Oku kungenxa yokuba isantya esikhawulezayo kunye nokuqhoboshwa ngesiquphe kubangela ukukhupha amandla rhoqo kunye nokufunxwa kwiibhetri zemoto zombane, ngelixa ukuqhuba ngesantya esiphezulu kugcina ibhetri ikwimo yokukhutshwa kwamandla aphezulu, zombini ezi zikhokelela kumanqanaba athile okonakala kwebhetri. Ukwamkela imikhwa yokuqhuba ethambileyo, enjengokuhamba ngesantya esifanelekileyo, ukwehlisa isantya, ukugcina isantya esingaguqukiyo, nokuhamba ngesantya esisezantsi, kunokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo uxinzelelo lwebhetri.
Imijikelo yokuTjaja
Umjikelo wosetyenziso ngokuqhelekileyo ubhekisa kwinani lamaxesha ibhetri itshajiswa ngayo kwaye ikhutshwe, ngakumbi imijikelo yokutshaja enzulu kunye nokukhupha, apho ibhetri itshajiwe okanye ikhutshwe iye kumanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu okanye aphezulu entlawulo. Ukutshaja okunzulu kunye nokukhupha imijikelo kuqinisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri, okukhokelela ekulahlekeni okukhawulezileyo kwezinto ezisebenzayo kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka kwizinto ze-electrode. Ngokukodwa kwiikhemistri zebhetri ezifana ne-lithium-ion, ukutshaja okunzulu rhoqo kunye nokukhupha kunokubangela ukuncipha kwamandla ebhetri, ukonyuka kwangaphakathi, kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwebhetri kunye noluhlu.
Uphawu kunye noMgangatho
Iibrand zebhetri zeprimiyamu ziqhele ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji ephucukileyo kunye nemathiriyeli ekumgangatho ophezulu kwimveliso yazo, ekhokelela kubomi bomjikelo owandisiweyo kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo ngakumbi, ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngokusebenziseka ixesha elide. Ngokutsho kolunye uphando kunye neengxelo, kukho ukuhambelana okucacileyo phakathi komgangatho kunye nokuphila kweebhetri zemoto zombane. Ngokomzekelo, uhlolisiso olwenziwa nguMycarcheck lubonise ukuba ezinye iimoto zombane ezaziwayo ezifana neTesla, Volkswagen, neBMW, zidla ngokubonisa ukomelela nokuthembeka okuphezulu kwiibhetri zazo.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokwandisa i-EV yakho BUbomi beattery
Ukusetyenziswa nokugcinwa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo yeebhetri, kwaye zininzi iindlela kubomi bemihla ngemihla zokwandisa ixesha lokusetyenziswa kweebhetri ze-EV.
Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kokuTshaja ngokukhawuleza
Izikhululo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza zangoku (DC) ngokungathandabuzekiyo zizise uncedo olukhulu kubanini be-EV, banciphisa kakhulu ixesha labo lokutshaja kwaye zibavumela ukuba bahlawule imoto yabo nanini na, naphi na, ngexesha lokuhamba, ukuhamba, okanye ukuthenga. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunokuba neziphumo ezithile ezingalunganga kwibhetri. Ngexesha lokuTshaja okukhawulezayo, ukuphendula kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri kuya kuba namandla ngakumbi, kukhawulezisa ukuthotywa kwee-electrolyte kunye nokulahleka kwe-electrode, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni komthamo webhetri kunye nokusebenza.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando olwenziwa yi-Idaho National Laboratory (INL) lucebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweetshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC kunokubeka umthwalo othile kwibhetri yesithuthi xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa iitshaja ezitshintshayo zangoku (AC). Ke ngoko, ukuze kwandiswe ubomi bebhetri kwaye ugcine ukusebenza, abaqhubi banokuthathela ingqalelo ukusebenzisa iitshaja ze-AC rhoqo kwiimfuno zemihla ngemihla.
Ukutshaja rhoqo
Ukutshaja rhoqo imoto yakho yombane kubalulekile ekugcineni ibhetri yayo isempilweni kwaye yandise ubomi bayo. Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwii-EVs, kufuneka zihlawulwe ngokufanelekileyo xa zihla ngaphantsi kwe-30% umthamo. Ukuba awuyi kusebenzisa i-EV yakho okwethutyana, luluvo oluhle ukuhlawula ibhetri ukuya malunga ne-40-50%. Oku kunciphisa ubunzima kwibhetri kwaye kunciphisa ukuguga kwayo. Kwakhona, zama ukungayishiyi ibhetri iphelelwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo ixesha elide, njengoko oku kunokukhawulezisa ukuwohloka kwayo.
Ukuphepha amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo
Ngexesha lemozulu eshushu, zama ukupakisha kwiindawo ezinomthunzi okanye iindawo ezinesigqubuthelo ukunciphisa utyhileko lobushushu kwibhetri. Ukuba indawo yokupaka ayinakuphepheka, yigcine imfutshane uze ubuyele endleleni ngokukhawuleza. Kwimozulu ebandayo, ukubandakanya i-preheating factor ngaphambi kokutshisa kunokunika amandla kuzo zombini ibhetri kunye nokusebenza kwemoto. Olu phawu lufudumeza ingaphakathi lemoto ngaphambi kokuba luqale, lunciphisa uxinzelelo kwibhetri kwiimeko ezibandayo. Ngaphaya koko, kuphephe ukusebenza ixesha elide, okuphelisa amandla ebhetri kwaye kukhawulezise ukuwohloka kwayo.
Ukuhlaziya iSoftware kunye neeNkqubo
Uhlaziyo lweenkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lokutshaja ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka i-algorithms ephucukileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe. Olu hlaziyo lunokwandisa iinkqubo zokutshaja kunye nokukhupha iibhetri. Umzekelo, iisistim ezihlaziyiweyo zinokulawula ngobulumko isantya sokutshaja kunye nobushushu bebhetri, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ukuveliswa kobushushu ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshaja. Inkqubo yokuhlaziya isoftware kunye neenkqubo zihlala zithe ngqo. Abanini beenqwelo-mafutha badinga nje ukuqhagamshela izithuthi zabo zombane kwi-intanethi baze bajonge uhlaziyo olukhoyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ekwibhodi.
Jonga iSikhokelo sokuGcinwa kwebhetri
IsiKhokelo sokuGcinwa kwebhetri sinika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha kwezona ndlela zifanelekileyo zokutshaja kwibhetri yakho, kunye nemiqathango ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyithathe ngexesha lokutshaja. Ikwabandakanya ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nendlela yokuqhuba isithuthi sombane ngokuchanekileyo ukukhusela ibhetri. Umzekelo, isikhokelo singakucebisa ukuba uthintele ukukhawulezisa ngesiquphe kunye nokuqhoboshwa okurhabaxa, kunye nokuqhuba ngesantya esiphezulu ixesha elide okanye ukunyuka okuthe gqolo ukunyuka. Ngaphezu koko, iSikhokelo sokuGcinwa kwebhetri sibonelela ngeengcebiso ukunceda abanini bachonge imiba enokubakho yebhetri kwaye ibonelela ngezisombululo ezihambelanayo.
Iindleko zokuTshintsha ibhetri yeMoto yoMbane
Iimoto zombane Zibonelela ngokhetho olucocekileyo noluzinzileyo kunezithuthi zepetroli zemveli. Sekunjalo, inkxalabo enkulu kubathengi abaninzi abanokubakho lixabiso elinxulumene nokutshintsha iibhetri kwiimoto zombane.
Iindleko eziphezulu zokuTshintsha iibhetri zeSithuthi soMbane
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixabiso lokutshintshwa kwebhetri liphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nokwanda kwesikali semveliso, ixabiso lebhetri liye lehla ngokuthe ngcembe. Oku kucebisa ukuba into ebikade ibiza kakhulu iibhetri ze-EV kwiminyaka yakutshanje zinokufikeleleka ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo. Ngelixa ukutshintshwa kwebhetri kunokubangela iindleko zokuqala, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubomi bexesha elide beebhetri, elona xabiso linokuba ngaphantsi kunoko bekulindelekile.
Uphononongo olwenziwa yi-Recurrent, inkampani ephanda ngempilo yebhetri, ihlolisise i-15,000 yabaqhubi bezithuthi zombane ngo-Matshi kulo nyaka kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-1.5% yabo idinga ukutshintshwa kwebhetri, kunye neendleko ezivela kwi-$ 5,000 ukuya kwi-20,000 yeedola. Umzekelo, indleko yokutshintsha ibhetri yeTesla Model S imalunga ne-12,000 yeedola.
Ukwehla kwamaxabiso ebhetri
Njengoko abavelisi beqhubeka nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nokunyuka kwemveliso, kunye nokunyuka kotyalo-mali kuphando kunye nophuhliso, ixabiso leebhetri zemoto yombane (EV) libone ukuhla okukhulu. Ngokutsho kwedatha yophando lwamva nje, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo leebhetri ze-lithium-ion ezisetyenziselwa izithuthi zombane liye lawela kwi-$ 128 nge-kilowatt-yure, ngelixa ixabiso eliqhelekileyo leeseli zebhetri liwele kwi-$ 89 ngeyure nganye. Oku kuhla kweendleko zokwenziwa kweebhetri ze-EV kucebisa ukuba amaxabiso okutshintsha kweebhetri angabona ukwehla okubonakalayo ngokunjalo.
ULicutha Njani Iindleko ze-EV yoTshintsho lwebhetri?
Nangona iindleko zangaphambili zokutshintshwa kwebhetri zinokubonakala zisoyikisa, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuqwalasela ezinokunciphisa umthwalo wezoqoqosho:
Imigaqo-nkqubo yenkxaso-mali: Amazwe amaninzi kunye nemimandla iphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwezithuthi zombane, kubandakanywa inkxaso-mali okanye inkuthazo yerhafu yokutshintsha ibhetri. Le migaqo-nkqubo inokunciphisa iindleko zokutshintshwa kwebhetri kwaye iqhube uphuhliso lwemarike yemoto yombane.
Iwaranti kunye nokhuseleko lwe-inshorensi: Abanye abavelisi beemoto banikezela ngexesha elithile lewaranti yeebhetri, nto leyo enokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwemali kubanini xa kuziwa ekutshintshweni kwebhetri. Ukongezelela, ezinye iinkampani ze-inshurensi yemoto ziye zaqalisa ukubonelela nge-inshurensi yokutshintshwa kwebhetri, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo kubanini kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko kunye neendleko.
Izisombululo zeqela lesithathu: Iimarike ezikhulayo zokutshintshwa kwebhetri kunye neenkonzo zokuhlaziya iinkonzo zibonelela abathengi ngeendlela ezizezinye zokwandisa ubomi beebhetri zesithuthi sombane ngeendleko eziphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nokutshintshwa komvelisi wokuqala.
EV iBattery Recycling Solutions
Iibhetri zemoto zombane zenziwe ngezinto ezixabisekileyo ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, kunye ne-manganese, zonke ezo ziyimithombo engapheliyo. Ukuphathwa ngokungafanelekanga kweebhetri zemoto zombane ezilahliweyo kunokukhokelela kungcoliseko kunye neengozi zempilo ezinokuthi zibe khona. Ke ngoko, ukurisayikilisha iibhetri zesithuthi sombane kubalulekile ekucutheni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo. Okwangoku, iinkampani ezininzi zikhuthele ukuphuhlisa izisombululo ezintsha zokuphinda kusetyenziswe ibhetri.
Njengamandla abalulekileyo kwishishini leemoto laseYurophu, iJamani iphambili ekuhlaziyweni kwebhetri yemoto yombane eYurophu. Ilizwe liphumeze imigaqo efuna abavelisi bathathe uxanduva lokurisayikilishwa kweebhetri zemoto zombane. Iinkampani ezifana neDuesenfeld ziphuhlisa ubugcisa bokurisayikilisha ukubuyisela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-95% yemathiriyeli yexabiso kwiibhetri ezindala.
EUnited States, iinkampani ezifana neTesla kunye neRedwood Materials zikhokela uphuhliso lwezisombululo ezisebenzayo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwebhetri yemoto yombane. I-Tesla, ngeeGigafactories zayo, izimisele ukuvala umjikelo wemveliso yebhetri ngokuphinda isetyenziswe kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo ngaphakathi kwekhonkco layo lokubonelela.
isiphelo
Ngelixa iinkxalabo malunga nobude bebhetri ye-EV zisahleli, inkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bebhetri kunye neenkqubo zolawulo zikulungele ukwandisa ubomi bazo obude. Ukulungiswa okuqhubelekayo kweebhetri ze-EV kunesithembiso sokusebenza okuphuculweyo, kunye neTekhnoloji yoLawulo lweBattery ephucukileyo esebenzayo ukuthomalalisa ukuthotywa kwebhetri ngamanyathelo olondolozo olusebenzayo.
Ngaphezu koko, ukusekwa kwesiseko esomeleleyo sokurisayikilisha kunye nophuhliso lweendlela zokusetyenziswa kwesibini ziqinisekisa ukuba iibhetri ze-EV ezidla umhlala-phantsi ziyaqhubeka nokuzisa ixabiso ngaphaya kokuphela kobomi bazo beemoto. Njengoko olu tshintsho lukhula kwaye lusasazeka ngakumbi, ixesha elide leebhetri ze-EV zikulungele ukuyeka ukuba yinkxalabo ephambili kubathengi.
FUNDA NGOKUPHELELEYO:
Ingaba yimalini iNdleko yokuTshintsha ibhetri ye-EV?
Kutheni ukutshaja kwe-EV kucotha emva kwe-80%?
Izitishi zokuTjaja zeTesla ziDemystified: Ukutshaja iTesla yakho ngokufanelekileyo
Ngaba kufuneka uyishiye i-EV yakho iplagi ngalo lonke ixesha?
Isikhokelo sokugqibela kwiindidi zokuTshaja ze-EV ezahlukeneyo
- Jonga eli khonkco ukuze uqonde ukuba kutheni iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zikhethwa kakhulu kwii-EV, nto leyo ebonisa ukusebenza kwazo kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kwazo.[↩]
- Ukuqonda i-BMS kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izithuthi zombane eziphucula ngayo ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza.[↩]
- Ukuhlola indlela ezibaleka ngayo izinto ezishushu kuya kunika ulwazi malunga namanyathelo okhuseleko lwebhetri kunye nophuhliso olutsha kwitekhnoloji yezithuthi zombane.[↩]
- Ukuqonda imijikelo yokutshaja kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ubomi bebhetri kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezithuthi zombane.[↩]
